Voice change
সাধারণ অ‡_© Voice অ_© কণ্ঠস্বর। ব্যাকরণে একে বলা হয় বাচ্য। Verb এর যে Form দ্বারা কর্তা যখন কাজটি নিজে করে বা অন্যের মাধ্যমে
সম্পাদন করিয়ে নেয় এবং কZ©vi সঙ্গে কাজের সম্পর্ক দেখায়
এবং এইভাবে Verb- এর রূপের যে পরিবর্তন ঘটে তাকে Voice বলে। যেমন:
a.
He has made a basket.
b.
A basket has been made by him.
ওপরের
প্রথম বাক্যে কর্তা নিজে কাজ করেছে এবং দ্বিতীয় বাক্যে কর্তার ওপর কাজ করানো
হয়েছে।
(i)
Verb এর
object
–টি
Subject হিসেবে প্রথমে বসেছে।
(ii) সাহায্যকারী verb-টি বসেছে।
(iii) অতিরিক্ত একটি be verb বসেছে।
(iv) verb এর Past Participle Form ব্যবহূত হয়েছে।
(v) extension বসেছে।
(vi) Preposition by বসেছে।
(ii) সাহায্যকারী verb-টি বসেছে।
(iii) অতিরিক্ত একটি be verb বসেছে।
(iv) verb এর Past Participle Form ব্যবহূত হয়েছে।
(v) extension বসেছে।
(vi) Preposition by বসেছে।
(vii)
Verb এর
subject-টি object হয়েছে।
Voice
সাধারণত
দুই প্রকার। যথা—
1. Active voice (সক্রিয় বাচ্য) এবং 2.
Passive
voice (নিষ্ক্রিয় বাচ্য)
1.
Active voice: কর্তা নিজেই কাজ করে অর্থাৎ কর্তা সক্রিয় এরূপ বোঝালে
verb-এর Active voice হয়।যেমন: উপরের বক্সে আমরা দেখতে
পাচ্ছি Active বাক্যে কর্তা অর্থাৎ subject নিজেই কাজটি সম্পাদন করেছে।
2.
Passive voice: Verb-এর যে form দ্বারা কর্তা নিজে কাজ সম্পাদন করে না, বরং কাজটি অন্যের দ্বারা
করানো হয় এরূপ বোঝায় তাকে Passive voice বলা হয়। যেমন:
Voice change করার সময় বাক্যের Subject ও Object সম্পর্কে পরিষ্কার জ্ঞান
থাকতে হবে। নিচের ছক অনুযায়ী এদের পরিবর্তন হয়ে থাকে। যেমন:
(a)
কোনো কোনো ক্ষেত্রে Active voice-এ দুটি Object-এর মধ্যে যেকোনো একটির পূর্বে Preposition থাকে। এ ধরনের বাক্যে যে
Object-টির পূর্বে Preposition থাকে সেই Object-টি Passive voice –এর Subject হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয় না। সঙ্গের
দ্বিতীয় Object-টি Passive voice –এর Subject হিসেবে বসে।
Active : She did for me the necessary things.
Passive : The necessary things were done for me by her.
Active : She did for me the necessary things.
Passive : The necessary things were done for me by her.
(b)
আবার কোনো কোনো সময় Active voice-এর দুটি Object থাকে। সেক্ষেত্রে উক্ত Active Voice-কে Passive voice করার সময় প্রথম Object-টি অর্থাৎ ব্যক্তিবাচক Object-টিকে Subject করাই উত্তম।
Active : The Headmaster teaches us English.
Passive : We are taught English by the headmaster.
Or, English is taught us by the headmaster.
উল্লিখিত বাক্যটিতে লক্ষ করলে দেখা যায়, Active voice-টিতে teaches মূল verb-টির পরে দুটি Object যথাক্রমে us ও English আছে। এর মধ্যে us ব্যক্তিবাচক Object হওয়ায় তাকে Passive voice-এর Subject হিসেবে বসানো হয়েছে।
Active : The Headmaster teaches us English.
Passive : We are taught English by the headmaster.
Or, English is taught us by the headmaster.
উল্লিখিত বাক্যটিতে লক্ষ করলে দেখা যায়, Active voice-টিতে teaches মূল verb-টির পরে দুটি Object যথাক্রমে us ও English আছে। এর মধ্যে us ব্যক্তিবাচক Object হওয়ায় তাকে Passive voice-এর Subject হিসেবে বসানো হয়েছে।
Tense
অনুযায়ী
Auxiliary verb ব্যবহার করার নিয়ম:
Present
Indefinite: am /is /are
Past
Indefinite: was /were
Future
Indefinite: shall be /will be
Present
continuous: is being /am being /are being
Past
continuous: was being / were being
Future continuous: shall be being/ will be being
Present perfect: have been /has been
Future continuous: shall be being/ will be being
Present perfect: have been /has been
Past
perfect: had been
Future perfect: shall have been /will have been
Future perfect: shall have been /will have been
Modal
auxiliary রয়েছে
এরকম বাক্যকে Passive voice করার সময় নিচের নিয়মটি প্রযোজ্য হবে:
Active
Passive
Active Passive
Active
Passive
Used to used to be Might might be Should should be
shall shall be Would would be Could could be
will will be Must must be Ought to ought to be
Used to used to be Might might be Should should be
shall shall be Would would be Could could be
will will be Must must be Ought to ought to be
Tense-এর বেলায় Voice change বিভিন্ন সময় বিভিন্ন আকার ধারণ করে।
Tense অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb ব্যবহার করার নিয়ম।
1. Present Indefinite Tense: Present Indefinite Tense-কে passive voice করতে হলে এই সূত্রটি অনুসরণ করতে হবে:
Subject (Object থেকে আগত ) am/is/are মূল verb-এর Past participle by Object (Subject থেকে আগত )
Active : I write a letter.
Active : They play football.
Passive : A letter is written by me.
Passive : Football is played by them.
Active : Sony sings a song.
Active : The horse carry goods.
Passive : A song is sung by Sony
Passive : Goods are carried by the horse.
2. Present Continuous: Present continuous tense-কে passive voice করতে হলে এই সূত্রটি অনুসরণ করতে হবে:
Subject (Object থেকে আগত ) am being/is being/are being
মূল verb-এর Past participle by Object (Subject থেকে আগত )
Active : I am writing a letter.
Active : They are drawing many pictures.
Passive : A letter is being written by me.
Passive : Many pictures are being drawn by them.
Active : Sony is singing a song.
Active : The horse is caring goods.
Passive : A song is being sung by Sony.
Passive : Goods are being carried by the horse.
3. Present Perfect: Present Perfect Tense-কে Passive voice করতে হলে এই সূত্রটি অনুসরণ করতে হবে:
Subject (Object থেকে আগত ) have been/has been মূল verb-এর Past participle by Object (Subject থেকে আগত )
Active : I have written a letter.
Passive : A letter has been written by me.
Active : Sony has sung a song.
Passive : A song has been sung by Sony.
Active : They have played football.
Passive : Football has been played by them.
Active : We have won the match.
Passive : The match have been won by us.
4. Past Indefinite Tense: Past Indefinite Tense-কে Passive voice করতে হলে এই সূত্রটি অনুসরণ করতে হবে:
Subject (Object থেকে আগত ) was/were মূল verb-এর Past participle by Object (Subject থেকে আগত )
Active : Jony killed a tiger.
Passive : A tiger was killed by Jony.
Active : You did the job very nicely.
Passive : The job was done by you very nicely.
Active : I thanked my friend.
Passive : My friend was thanked by me.
Tense অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb ব্যবহার করার নিয়ম।
1. Present Indefinite Tense: Present Indefinite Tense-কে passive voice করতে হলে এই সূত্রটি অনুসরণ করতে হবে:
Subject (Object থেকে আগত ) am/is/are মূল verb-এর Past participle by Object (Subject থেকে আগত )
Active : I write a letter.
Active : They play football.
Passive : A letter is written by me.
Passive : Football is played by them.
Active : Sony sings a song.
Active : The horse carry goods.
Passive : A song is sung by Sony
Passive : Goods are carried by the horse.
2. Present Continuous: Present continuous tense-কে passive voice করতে হলে এই সূত্রটি অনুসরণ করতে হবে:
Subject (Object থেকে আগত ) am being/is being/are being
মূল verb-এর Past participle by Object (Subject থেকে আগত )
Active : I am writing a letter.
Active : They are drawing many pictures.
Passive : A letter is being written by me.
Passive : Many pictures are being drawn by them.
Active : Sony is singing a song.
Active : The horse is caring goods.
Passive : A song is being sung by Sony.
Passive : Goods are being carried by the horse.
3. Present Perfect: Present Perfect Tense-কে Passive voice করতে হলে এই সূত্রটি অনুসরণ করতে হবে:
Subject (Object থেকে আগত ) have been/has been মূল verb-এর Past participle by Object (Subject থেকে আগত )
Active : I have written a letter.
Passive : A letter has been written by me.
Active : Sony has sung a song.
Passive : A song has been sung by Sony.
Active : They have played football.
Passive : Football has been played by them.
Active : We have won the match.
Passive : The match have been won by us.
4. Past Indefinite Tense: Past Indefinite Tense-কে Passive voice করতে হলে এই সূত্রটি অনুসরণ করতে হবে:
Subject (Object থেকে আগত ) was/were মূল verb-এর Past participle by Object (Subject থেকে আগত )
Active : Jony killed a tiger.
Passive : A tiger was killed by Jony.
Active : You did the job very nicely.
Passive : The job was done by you very nicely.
Active : I thanked my friend.
Passive : My friend was thanked by me.
Voice
change
Tense অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb ব্যবহার করার নিয়ম।
5. Past Continuous: Past Continuous Tense-কে Passive voice করতে হলে এই সূত্রটি অনুসরণ করতে হবে:
Subject (Object থেকে আগত )was being/were being মূল verb-এর Past participle by Object (Subject থেকে আগত )
Active : Raju was writing a letter..
Passive : A letter was being written by Raju.
Active : You were doing the job very nicely.
Passive : The job was being done by you very nicely.
Active : I was helping my friend.
Passive : My friend was being helped by me.
6. Past Perfect: Past Perfect Tense-কে Passive voice করতে হলে এই সূত্রটি অনুসরণ করতে হবে:
Subject (Object থেকে আগত ) had been মূল verb-এর Past participle by Object (Subject থেকে আগত )
Active : Raju had written a letter.
Passive : A letter had been written by Raju.
Active : You had finished the work very nicely.
Passive: The work had been finished by you very nicely.
Active : I had drunk a glass of water.
Passive : A glass of water had been drunk by me.
7. Future Indefinite Tense: Future Indefinite Tense-কে Passive voice করতে হলে এই সূত্রটি অনুসরণ করতে হবে:
Subject (Object থেকে আগত ) shall be/will be মূল verb-এর Past participle by Object (Subject থেকে আগত )
Active : Raju will write a letter.
Passive : A letter will be written by Raju.
Active : You will do the job very nicely.
Passive : The job will be done by you very nicely.
Active : I shall help my friend.
Passive : My friend will be helped by me.
Tense অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb ব্যবহার করার নিয়ম।
5. Past Continuous: Past Continuous Tense-কে Passive voice করতে হলে এই সূত্রটি অনুসরণ করতে হবে:
Subject (Object থেকে আগত )was being/were being মূল verb-এর Past participle by Object (Subject থেকে আগত )
Active : Raju was writing a letter..
Passive : A letter was being written by Raju.
Active : You were doing the job very nicely.
Passive : The job was being done by you very nicely.
Active : I was helping my friend.
Passive : My friend was being helped by me.
6. Past Perfect: Past Perfect Tense-কে Passive voice করতে হলে এই সূত্রটি অনুসরণ করতে হবে:
Subject (Object থেকে আগত ) had been মূল verb-এর Past participle by Object (Subject থেকে আগত )
Active : Raju had written a letter.
Passive : A letter had been written by Raju.
Active : You had finished the work very nicely.
Passive: The work had been finished by you very nicely.
Active : I had drunk a glass of water.
Passive : A glass of water had been drunk by me.
7. Future Indefinite Tense: Future Indefinite Tense-কে Passive voice করতে হলে এই সূত্রটি অনুসরণ করতে হবে:
Subject (Object থেকে আগত ) shall be/will be মূল verb-এর Past participle by Object (Subject থেকে আগত )
Active : Raju will write a letter.
Passive : A letter will be written by Raju.
Active : You will do the job very nicely.
Passive : The job will be done by you very nicely.
Active : I shall help my friend.
Passive : My friend will be helped by me.
8. Future Continuous: Past Continuous Tense-কে Passive voice করতে হলে এই সূত্রটি অনুসরণ করতে হবে:
Subject (Object থেকে আগত ) shall be being/will be being মূল verb-এর Past participle by Object (Subject থেকে আগত )
Active : Raju will be writing a letter..
Passive : A letter will be being written by Raju.
Active : You will be doing the job very nicely.
Passive : The job will be being done by you very nicely.
Active : I shall be helping my friend.
Passive : My friend will be being helped by me.
9.
Future Perfect: Future Perfect Tense-কে Passive voice করতে হলে এই সূত্রটি অনুসরণ করতে হবে:
Subject (Object থেকে আগত ) shall have been/will have been মূল verb-এর Past participle by Object (Subject থেকে আগত ) Active : They will have given me a book .
Passive : A book will have been given me by them.
Active : Rana will have finished the work.
Passive : The work will have been finished by Rana.
Active : Mitu will have written it.
Passive : It will have been written by Mitu.
(বিশেষ দ্রষ্টব্য: Present Perfect Continuous Tense, Past Perfect Continuous Tense ও Future Perfect Continuous Tense-এর Passive voice হয় না।)
Interrogative Sentence: উক্ত Sentence-এ যখন do, does বা did দ্বারা ? প্রশ্ন জিজ্ঞাসা করা হয় তখন Subject-এর number, person ও tense অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তিত Subject-এর পূর্বে ‘to be verb’ বসিয়ে Passive voice করতে হয়। যেমন—
Active : Do you like the book?
Passive : Is the book liked by you?
Active : Does he like the cake?
Passive : Is the cake liked by him?
Active : Did he beat the dog?
Passive : Was the dog beaten by him?
Active : Did he laugh at the poor?
Passive : Were the poor laughed at by him?
Interrogative বাক্যে ব্যবহূত বিভিন্ন Tense-এর সাহায্যকারী ক্রিয়াn দ্বারা বাক্য শুরু হলে Passive voice করার সময় Tense অনুযায়ী সাহায্যকারী verb পরিবর্তিত Subject-এর পূর্বে ব্যবহার করতে হয় এবং Voice change-এর অন্যান্য নিয়ম পূর্বের মতোই থেকে যায়। যেমন—
Active : Has he done it?
Passive : Has it been done by him?
Active : Had he finished the work?
Passive : Had the work been finished by him?
Active : Was he making a doll?
Passive : Was a doll being made by him?
Who দ্বারা Active voice শুরু হলে একে Passive voice করার সময় বাক্যের প্রথমে By whom ব্যবহার করতে হয়। যেমন—
Active : Who spoke it?
Passive : By whom was it spoken?
Active : Who does?
Passive : By whom is it done?
Active : Who has broken the pencil?
Passive : By whom has the pencil been broken?
Active : Who is doing it?
Passive : By whom is it being done?
What দ্বারা কোনো প্রশ্নবোধক Active বাক্য আরম্ভ হলে Passive voice করার সময় what ঠিক what থাকে। যেমন—
Active : What does Meena seek?
Passive : What is sought by Meena?
Active : What did you do?
Passive : What was done by you?
Whom দ্বারা কোনো প্রশ্নবোধক Active voice শুরু হলে তাকে Passive voice করার সময় who বাক্যের প্রথমে ব্যবহার করতে হয়। যেমন—
Active : Whom do you want?
Passive : Who is wanted by you?
Active : Whom does he seek?
Passive : Who is sought by him?
Why, When, Where, How ইত্যাদি দ্বারা Interrogative active বাক্য শুরুn হলে Passive voice করার সময় উক্ত Interrogative adverb-গুলোই বাক্যের প্রথমে থেকেযায়। Voice change-এর অন্যান্য নিয়ম অবশ্যই পালনীয়। যেমন—
Active : Why does he disclose the fact?
Passive : Why is the fact disclosed by him?
Active : Why do they take the pen?
Passive : Why is the pen taken by them?
Active : When will Jibon write it?
Passive : When will it be written by Jibon?
Active : When will they make the kite?
Passive : When will the kite be made by them ?
Active : Where did Mamun find you?
Passive : Where were you found by Mamun?
Active : Where have you taken him?
Passive : Where has be been taken by you ?
Active : How have you done this?
Passive : How has this been done by you?
Active : How does he finish the work?
Passive : How is the work finished by him?
Impertive Sentence: যে Sentence দ্বারা আদেশ, উপদেশ ও অনুরোধ বোঝায়,n তাকে Impertive Sentence বলে। উক্ত Sentence-এর Active voice-এর object-কেlet-এর Object-রূপে ব্যবহার করতে হবে। মূল Verb-এর Past participle হয় এবং তার পূর্বে be ব্যবহার করতে হয়। যেমন—
Active : Do it.
Passive : Let it be done (by you).
Active : Make a Kite.
Passive : Let a Kite be made (by you).
Active : Help the poor.
Passive : Let the poor be helped (by you).
Active : Take care of your health.
Passive : Let your health be taken care of.
Impertive Sentence: Impertive Sentence-এর Active voice যখন Let দেওয়া থাকে তখন Passive voice করার সময় নতুন করে আর Let ব্যবহার করার দরকার হয়না। উক্ত Let-কেই উক্ত বাক্যের শুরুতে বসিয়ে Indirect object-টিকে sub করে Passive করতে হয়।
যেমন—
Active : Let Putul read the book.
Passive : Let the book be read by Putul.
Active : Let me sing a song.
Passive : Let a song be sung by me.
Active : Let him do the sum.
Passive : Let the sum be done by him.
দ্রষ্টব্য: Let -এর পরে Second person বসে না।
Impertive Sentence-এর Active voice-এর প্রথমে বা শেষে যদি adverb থাকে তবে Passive করার সময় তাকে বাক্যের শেষে রেখে দিতে হয়। যেমন—
Active : Help him now.
Passive : Let him be helped now.
Active : Always speak the truth.
Passive : Let the truth be spoken always.
Active : Shut the door immediately.
Passive : Let the door be shut immediately.
Active : Today cut the tree.
Passive : Let the tree be cut today (by you).
Subject (Object থেকে আগত ) shall have been/will have been মূল verb-এর Past participle by Object (Subject থেকে আগত ) Active : They will have given me a book .
Passive : A book will have been given me by them.
Active : Rana will have finished the work.
Passive : The work will have been finished by Rana.
Active : Mitu will have written it.
Passive : It will have been written by Mitu.
(বিশেষ দ্রষ্টব্য: Present Perfect Continuous Tense, Past Perfect Continuous Tense ও Future Perfect Continuous Tense-এর Passive voice হয় না।)
Interrogative Sentence: উক্ত Sentence-এ যখন do, does বা did দ্বারা ? প্রশ্ন জিজ্ঞাসা করা হয় তখন Subject-এর number, person ও tense অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তিত Subject-এর পূর্বে ‘to be verb’ বসিয়ে Passive voice করতে হয়। যেমন—
Active : Do you like the book?
Passive : Is the book liked by you?
Active : Does he like the cake?
Passive : Is the cake liked by him?
Active : Did he beat the dog?
Passive : Was the dog beaten by him?
Active : Did he laugh at the poor?
Passive : Were the poor laughed at by him?
Interrogative বাক্যে ব্যবহূত বিভিন্ন Tense-এর সাহায্যকারী ক্রিয়াn দ্বারা বাক্য শুরু হলে Passive voice করার সময় Tense অনুযায়ী সাহায্যকারী verb পরিবর্তিত Subject-এর পূর্বে ব্যবহার করতে হয় এবং Voice change-এর অন্যান্য নিয়ম পূর্বের মতোই থেকে যায়। যেমন—
Active : Has he done it?
Passive : Has it been done by him?
Active : Had he finished the work?
Passive : Had the work been finished by him?
Active : Was he making a doll?
Passive : Was a doll being made by him?
Who দ্বারা Active voice শুরু হলে একে Passive voice করার সময় বাক্যের প্রথমে By whom ব্যবহার করতে হয়। যেমন—
Active : Who spoke it?
Passive : By whom was it spoken?
Active : Who does?
Passive : By whom is it done?
Active : Who has broken the pencil?
Passive : By whom has the pencil been broken?
Active : Who is doing it?
Passive : By whom is it being done?
What দ্বারা কোনো প্রশ্নবোধক Active বাক্য আরম্ভ হলে Passive voice করার সময় what ঠিক what থাকে। যেমন—
Active : What does Meena seek?
Passive : What is sought by Meena?
Active : What did you do?
Passive : What was done by you?
Whom দ্বারা কোনো প্রশ্নবোধক Active voice শুরু হলে তাকে Passive voice করার সময় who বাক্যের প্রথমে ব্যবহার করতে হয়। যেমন—
Active : Whom do you want?
Passive : Who is wanted by you?
Active : Whom does he seek?
Passive : Who is sought by him?
Why, When, Where, How ইত্যাদি দ্বারা Interrogative active বাক্য শুরুn হলে Passive voice করার সময় উক্ত Interrogative adverb-গুলোই বাক্যের প্রথমে থেকেযায়। Voice change-এর অন্যান্য নিয়ম অবশ্যই পালনীয়। যেমন—
Active : Why does he disclose the fact?
Passive : Why is the fact disclosed by him?
Active : Why do they take the pen?
Passive : Why is the pen taken by them?
Active : When will Jibon write it?
Passive : When will it be written by Jibon?
Active : When will they make the kite?
Passive : When will the kite be made by them ?
Active : Where did Mamun find you?
Passive : Where were you found by Mamun?
Active : Where have you taken him?
Passive : Where has be been taken by you ?
Active : How have you done this?
Passive : How has this been done by you?
Active : How does he finish the work?
Passive : How is the work finished by him?
Impertive Sentence: যে Sentence দ্বারা আদেশ, উপদেশ ও অনুরোধ বোঝায়,n তাকে Impertive Sentence বলে। উক্ত Sentence-এর Active voice-এর object-কেlet-এর Object-রূপে ব্যবহার করতে হবে। মূল Verb-এর Past participle হয় এবং তার পূর্বে be ব্যবহার করতে হয়। যেমন—
Active : Do it.
Passive : Let it be done (by you).
Active : Make a Kite.
Passive : Let a Kite be made (by you).
Active : Help the poor.
Passive : Let the poor be helped (by you).
Active : Take care of your health.
Passive : Let your health be taken care of.
Impertive Sentence: Impertive Sentence-এর Active voice যখন Let দেওয়া থাকে তখন Passive voice করার সময় নতুন করে আর Let ব্যবহার করার দরকার হয়না। উক্ত Let-কেই উক্ত বাক্যের শুরুতে বসিয়ে Indirect object-টিকে sub করে Passive করতে হয়।
যেমন—
Active : Let Putul read the book.
Passive : Let the book be read by Putul.
Active : Let me sing a song.
Passive : Let a song be sung by me.
Active : Let him do the sum.
Passive : Let the sum be done by him.
দ্রষ্টব্য: Let -এর পরে Second person বসে না।
Impertive Sentence-এর Active voice-এর প্রথমে বা শেষে যদি adverb থাকে তবে Passive করার সময় তাকে বাক্যের শেষে রেখে দিতে হয়। যেমন—
Active : Help him now.
Passive : Let him be helped now.
Active : Always speak the truth.
Passive : Let the truth be spoken always.
Active : Shut the door immediately.
Passive : Let the door be shut immediately.
Active : Today cut the tree.
Passive : Let the tree be cut today (by you).
Impertive
Sentence -যদি Negative হয় তবে Passive voice করার সময় বাক্যের প্রথমে Let not ব্যবহার করতে হয়। অন্যান্য
নিয়ম পূর্বের মতোই থেকে যায়।
Active : Do not break the temple.
Passive : Let not the temple be broken (by you).
Active : Don’t post the letter.
Passive : Let not the letter be posted (by you).
Active : Don’t open the door.
Passive : Let not the door be opened (by you).
Active : Do not break the temple.
Passive : Let not the temple be broken (by you).
Active : Don’t post the letter.
Passive : Let not the letter be posted (by you).
Active : Don’t open the door.
Passive : Let not the door be opened (by you).
Voice change : Complex Sentence :
Complex Sentence -কে Passive voice করতে হলে Principal clause ও Sub-ordinate clause উভয়ের Passive করতে হয়। Principal clause-এর সাধারণত Objectথাকে না। তাই উক্ত অংশের Object হিসেবে It নিতে হয়। যেমন—
Complex Sentence -কে Passive voice করতে হলে Principal clause ও Sub-ordinate clause উভয়ের Passive করতে হয়। Principal clause-এর সাধারণত Objectথাকে না। তাই উক্ত অংশের Object হিসেবে It নিতে হয়। যেমন—
Active
: I know that you helped
him.
Passive : It is known to me that he was helped by you.
Active : I thought that Babul had sung a song. Passive : It was thought by me that a song had been sung by Babul.
Active : I thought that Babul had sung a song. Passive : It was thought by me that a song had been sung by Babul.
জেনে রাখো:
Complex
Sentence
-এর Sub-ordinate clause -এর যদি Object না থাকে তবে উক্ত অংশের Passive voice করার দরকার হয় না। এ ধরনের Sentence –এর বেলায় Principal clause -এর subject হিসেবে It নিয়েও Passive voice করা যায়। তাছাড়া sub-ordinate clause-এর that-সহ পরের সবটুকুকে Passive করার সময়বাক্যের Subject করে Passive করা যায়। যেমন—
Active : I know that he is a good boy. Passive : It is known to me that he is a good boy.
Or : That he is a good boy is known to me.
Active : I know that he is a good boy. Passive : It is known to me that he is a good boy.
Or : That he is a good boy is known to me.
জেনে রাখো: And দ্বারা দুটি বাক্য যুক্ত হলে যদি and-এর উভয় অংশে Object থাকে তবে উভয়ই নিয়ম অনুযায়ী
পরিবর্তন হবে। আর and-এর পরবর্তী অংশে কোনো Object না থাকলে প্রথম অংশ বা পূর্ববর্তী অংশ পরিবর্তিত
হয়। যেমন—
Active : He ate rice and went to school. Passive : Rice was eaten by him and (he) went to school.
Active : He ate rice and gave me a pen. Passive : Rice was eaten and I was given a pen by him.
Active : He ate rice and went to school. Passive : Rice was eaten by him and (he) went to school.
Active : He ate rice and gave me a pen. Passive : Rice was eaten and I was given a pen by him.
অনেক সময় Infinitive দ্বারাও Voice change করা যায়। যেমন—I don’t like to be
hated. A bank is going to be opened by the manager.
*লক্ষণীয়: কতগুলো Verb-এর পরে by preposition না বসে with, at, to ইত্যাদি বসে। যেমন—
Gratify = gratify with, please = pleased with, satisfy = satisfied with, bless = blessed with,
glad = glad at, know = known to, surprise = surprised at, fill = filled with ইত্যাদি।
Known verb-এর পরে to ও by উভয়ই বসে। যেমন—
He is known to me. A tree is known by its fruits.
জেনে রাখো: অনেক সময় আত্মপরিচয় দিতে হলে বা কোনো কাজের মাধ্যমে পরিচয় দিতে হলে known-এর পরে by বসে। একে অন্যের সঙ্গে পরিচয় অর্থে Known-এর পরে to বসে। যেমন— Active : The boy pleased us all.
Passive : We all were pleased by the boy হবে না।
এক্ষেত্রে হবে- Passive : We all were pleased with the boy.
Active : Your work satisfied me. Passive : I was satisfied with your work.
Active : His conduct annoyed me. Passive : I was annoyed at his conduct.
Active : The book contains useful information. Passive : Useful information is contained in the book.
জেনে রাখো: অনেক সময় দেখা যায় Passive voice-এর Doer বা Agent থাকে না। এ ধরনের বাক্যের Voice পরিবর্তন করতে হলে Someone, People, We, The Boy, He ইত্যাদিকে Subject হিসেবে ব্যবহার করতে হয়। তবে কোনো কাজ যখন এক ব্যক্তি দ্বারা করা সম্ভব তখন Singular subject নিতে হয়। আর যখন কোনো কাজ একার পক্ষেসাধারণত করা সম্ভব নয় তখন Plural subject নিতে হয়। যেমন—
Passive : My pen was stolen. Active : Someone stole my pen.
Passive : He is not known here. Active : None/nobody knows him here.
Passive : He is called a liar. Active : People/They call him a liar.
জেনে রাখো: Voice Change করার ক্ষেত্রে। নিম্নলিখিত Verb -গুলোর Passive voice হয় না। কারণ এরা Intransitive verb : die, appear, seem, disappear, happen, belong, despair, allude, occur, ensure, wonder, comprise, perish, refer, issue, and indulge ইত্যাদি।
Incorrect : It was appeared. Correct : It appeared.
Incorrect : It is happened. Correct : It happened.
Incorrect : This book is belonged to me. Correct : This book belongs to me.
*Active voice -এ যখন has to, had to, is going to, was going to, ought to, used to, have got to ইত্যাদি উল্লেখ থাকে তখন Passive voice করার সময় উক্ত verb -গুলোর সঙ্গে be ব্যবহার করতে হয়। যেমন—
Active : He has to do the work. Passive : The work has to be done by him.
Active : We ought to love our country. Passive : Our country ought to be loved by us.
Active : They used to burn the dead body. Passive : The dead body used to be burnt by them.
*লক্ষণীয়: কতগুলো Verb-এর পরে by preposition না বসে with, at, to ইত্যাদি বসে। যেমন—
Gratify = gratify with, please = pleased with, satisfy = satisfied with, bless = blessed with,
glad = glad at, know = known to, surprise = surprised at, fill = filled with ইত্যাদি।
Known verb-এর পরে to ও by উভয়ই বসে। যেমন—
He is known to me. A tree is known by its fruits.
জেনে রাখো: অনেক সময় আত্মপরিচয় দিতে হলে বা কোনো কাজের মাধ্যমে পরিচয় দিতে হলে known-এর পরে by বসে। একে অন্যের সঙ্গে পরিচয় অর্থে Known-এর পরে to বসে। যেমন— Active : The boy pleased us all.
Passive : We all were pleased by the boy হবে না।
এক্ষেত্রে হবে- Passive : We all were pleased with the boy.
Active : Your work satisfied me. Passive : I was satisfied with your work.
Active : His conduct annoyed me. Passive : I was annoyed at his conduct.
Active : The book contains useful information. Passive : Useful information is contained in the book.
জেনে রাখো: অনেক সময় দেখা যায় Passive voice-এর Doer বা Agent থাকে না। এ ধরনের বাক্যের Voice পরিবর্তন করতে হলে Someone, People, We, The Boy, He ইত্যাদিকে Subject হিসেবে ব্যবহার করতে হয়। তবে কোনো কাজ যখন এক ব্যক্তি দ্বারা করা সম্ভব তখন Singular subject নিতে হয়। আর যখন কোনো কাজ একার পক্ষেসাধারণত করা সম্ভব নয় তখন Plural subject নিতে হয়। যেমন—
Passive : My pen was stolen. Active : Someone stole my pen.
Passive : He is not known here. Active : None/nobody knows him here.
Passive : He is called a liar. Active : People/They call him a liar.
জেনে রাখো: Voice Change করার ক্ষেত্রে। নিম্নলিখিত Verb -গুলোর Passive voice হয় না। কারণ এরা Intransitive verb : die, appear, seem, disappear, happen, belong, despair, allude, occur, ensure, wonder, comprise, perish, refer, issue, and indulge ইত্যাদি।
Incorrect : It was appeared. Correct : It appeared.
Incorrect : It is happened. Correct : It happened.
Incorrect : This book is belonged to me. Correct : This book belongs to me.
*Active voice -এ যখন has to, had to, is going to, was going to, ought to, used to, have got to ইত্যাদি উল্লেখ থাকে তখন Passive voice করার সময় উক্ত verb -গুলোর সঙ্গে be ব্যবহার করতে হয়। যেমন—
Active : He has to do the work. Passive : The work has to be done by him.
Active : We ought to love our country. Passive : Our country ought to be loved by us.
Active : They used to burn the dead body. Passive : The dead body used to be burnt by them.
কিছু ব্যতিক্রম নিয়মের Voice change:
1. Quasi-passive Verb: Quasi শব্দের অর্থ half বা অর্ধেক। অর্থাৎ Half-passive = Quasi-passive. অতএব বলা যায়, যেসব Verb Half passive -এর অর্থ প্রকাশ করেতাকে Quasi-passive verb বলে। এদের Passive করতে হলে নিম্নলিখিত নিয়ম অনুসরণ করতে হবে:
১ নম্বর সূত্র: Sub + Be verb + Complement + When (if) + It/they +Be verb + Verb-এর Past participle.
২ নম্বর সূত্র: Subject + Be verb + Verb -এর Past participle + Complement.
Active : Honey tastes sweet. Passive : Honey is sweet when it is tasted. (১ নম্বর সূত্র)
Honey is tasted sweet. (২ নম্বর সূত্র)
Active : The bed feels soft. Passive : The bed is soft when it is felt. / The bed is felt soft.
Active
: This story reads funny. Passive : This
story is funny when it is read. /This story is read funny.
2.
Reflexive Verb:
যে verb –এর Subject এবং Object একই ব্যক্তি তাকে Reflexive verb বলে এবং Object –টিকে Reflexive object বলে। একে Subject করা যায় না। একে by –এর পরেইরেখে দিতে হয়। যেমন—
Active : He hurt himself. Passive : He was hurt by himself.
Active : She killed herself. Passive : She was killed by herself.
Active : He poisoned himself. Passive : He was poisoned by himself.
যে verb –এর Subject এবং Object একই ব্যক্তি তাকে Reflexive verb বলে এবং Object –টিকে Reflexive object বলে। একে Subject করা যায় না। একে by –এর পরেইরেখে দিতে হয়। যেমন—
Active : He hurt himself. Passive : He was hurt by himself.
Active : She killed herself. Passive : She was killed by herself.
Active : He poisoned himself. Passive : He was poisoned by himself.
3. Factitive Object: যেসব Object ক্ষণস্থায়ী অর্থাৎ মানুষের মতামতের ওপর যাদের স্থায়িত্ব নির্ভর করে সেসব Object-কে Factitive object বলে। এদের স্থায়িত্ব স্বল্পবিধায় এদেরকে বাক্যের Subject করা যায় না। তাই এদের পূর্ববর্তী Object –কে Subject করে Passive voice করতে হয়।যেমন—
Active : We made him captain . Passive : He was made captain by us. = Captain was made him by us হবে না।
Active : We call him a fool. Passive : He is called a fool by us. = A fool is called him by us হবে না।
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Sample Questions
1. Change the following Active Voice into Passive: (a) We made him captain. (b) Always speak the truth. (c) Do not open the door. (d) Have you read the book? (e) He will teach us English. (f) Who has broken the plate? (g) The book is printing. (h) Nobody knows him here. (i) Whom do you call?
2. Change the following Passive Voice into Active:
(a) My watch was stolen. (b) Let a letter be written y me. (c) Rice is sold in the market. (d) By whom will the bill be paid? (e) His brother was hurt by him. (f) English is spoken all over the world. (g) The book was placed on the table. (h) I am surprised at his conduct. (i) Rome was not built in a day. (j) He is well known to me. |
Answer:
(a) He was made captain by us. (b) Let the truth be always spoken. (c) Let not the door be opened. (d) Has the book been read by you? (e) English will be taught us by him. (or) We shall be taught English by him. (f) By whom has the plate been broken? (g) The book is being printed. (h) He is not known here (i) Who is called by?
Answer:
(a) Someone stole my watch. (b) Let me write a letter. (c) Rice sells in the market. (d) Who will pay the bill? (e) He hurt his brother. (f) People speak English all over the world. (g) Someone placed the book on the table. (h) His conduct surprises me. (i) The Romans did not build Rome in a day. (j) I know him well. |
1.
Active: He might use my pen.
Passive: My pen might be used by him.
2. Active: Do it. Passive: Let it be done (by you).
3. Active: He can speak English well. Passive: English can be spoken well by him.
4. Active:I had written the letter before he came.Passive:The letter had been written by me before he came.
5. Active: The man has sold the house. Passive: The house has been sold by the man.
6. Active: Rajib looks at the moon. Passive: The moon is looked at by Rajib.
7. Active: Rumana knows you. Passive: You are known to Rumana.
8. Active: You were building a house. Passive: A house was being built by you.
9. Active: I am giving him a pen. Passive: A pen is being given him by me.
10. Active: May you help me? Passive: May I be helped by you?
11. Active: Honey tastes sweet. Passive: Honey is sweet when it is tasted.
12. Active: The book reads well. Passive: The book is well (pleasing) when it is read.
13. Active: Can I do it? Passive: Can it be done by me?
14. Active: People say that one knows a tree by its fruit. Passive: It is said that a tree is known by its fruit.
15. Active: You have to do this work. Passive: This work has to be done by you.
16. Active: Today I have no time to waste. Passive: Today there is no time to be wasted (by me).
17. Active: We saw the feeding of the tigers. Passive: We saw the tigers being fed.
18. Active: When did you write the letter? Passive: When was the letter written by you.
19. Do not laugh at the poor. Passive: Let not the poor be laughed at (by you).
2. Active: Do it. Passive: Let it be done (by you).
3. Active: He can speak English well. Passive: English can be spoken well by him.
4. Active:I had written the letter before he came.Passive:The letter had been written by me before he came.
5. Active: The man has sold the house. Passive: The house has been sold by the man.
6. Active: Rajib looks at the moon. Passive: The moon is looked at by Rajib.
7. Active: Rumana knows you. Passive: You are known to Rumana.
8. Active: You were building a house. Passive: A house was being built by you.
9. Active: I am giving him a pen. Passive: A pen is being given him by me.
10. Active: May you help me? Passive: May I be helped by you?
11. Active: Honey tastes sweet. Passive: Honey is sweet when it is tasted.
12. Active: The book reads well. Passive: The book is well (pleasing) when it is read.
13. Active: Can I do it? Passive: Can it be done by me?
14. Active: People say that one knows a tree by its fruit. Passive: It is said that a tree is known by its fruit.
15. Active: You have to do this work. Passive: This work has to be done by you.
16. Active: Today I have no time to waste. Passive: Today there is no time to be wasted (by me).
17. Active: We saw the feeding of the tigers. Passive: We saw the tigers being fed.
18. Active: When did you write the letter? Passive: When was the letter written by you.
19. Do not laugh at the poor. Passive: Let not the poor be laughed at (by you).
20.
She often writes to
me.
Passive: I am often written to by her.
21.
We could hardly see each other in the fog. Passive: Each other
could hardly be seen in the fog by us.
Or,
Passive: Each could hardly be seen in the fog by other.
22.
They loved each
other.
Passive: Each is loved by other.
23.
He made me
laugh.
Passive: I was made to laugh.
good work
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